The Middle Rhine Valley is a narrow gorge cut by the Rhine across several low-lying mountain ranges. As it was both largely inaccessible by land and tremendously wealthy, the region became a center of armed conflict. There were many powerbrokers on the river, and their stories are complicated and linked inextricably to events far greater in scope than just the river.

We should start with the definition of the Middle-Rhine. The UNESCO World Heritage board considers only the southern portion of the Middle-Rhine Gorge to be worthy of its seal. As a result, travel guides often leave out the northern stretch between Bonn and Koblenz. While the landscape is more industrial, many places are still worth your time, so I will include them here.

The Middle-Rhine region stretches between two mid-sized cities, Bonn and Mainz, with Koblenz in the middle. The Northern stretch of the river between Bonn and Koblenz was mainly under the control of the Prince-Archbishops of Cologne. Recognizable by the black cross on a white background, Cologne controlled the entire left bank, including the cities of Remagen and Andernach. Control of the right bank of the Rhine in the North was split between Cologne and several minor states, namely the counts of Wied and Sayn. Most of the settlements here survived the war to some extent and are worth visiting.

The history of the Southern region is more complex due to the struggle between several major powers. While the Prince-Archbishops of Trier nominally controlled most of the valley, some settlements such as Boppard and Oberwesel either won their independence or continuously fought for it. The most potent power was the County of Hessen, which inherited the mighty fortresses of Marksburg and Rheinfels from the Katzenelnbogen Dynasty. Further South, the Prince-Electors of the Palatinate and the Prince-Bishop Electors of Mainz vied for control of the narrows near Kaub and Bacharach.

With so much political power in such a small area, the struggle for dominance necessitated an appropriate display of wealth. Mightly castles and palaces were built on every hill to collect tolls and intimidate rivals. These castles often fell into ruin due to war or neglect, but we can thank their revival to the work of the romantic poets in the 19th century. Preserved for their inherent beauty as ruins or renovated to recapture a glimpse of long-forgotten glories, the German Empire slowly turned the valley into Europe’s first major tourist region.

Continuing in that long tradition is you, who has the opportunity to explore the ancient Rhine valley in many different ways.